What are the primary methods for disinfecting water?

The primary methods for disinfecting water include chlorination, ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) treatment, which are effective in eliminating pathogens and ensuring water safety.

Chlorination is widely used due to its ability to kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms effectively. It not only disinfects the water but also provides some residual protection as it travels through distribution systems, preventing potential contamination.

Ozonation involves using ozone gas, which is a strong oxidizing agent. It works by breaking down harmful microorganisms and organic contaminants in the water. Ozone treatment disinfects water efficiently and degrades into oxygen, leaving no harmful residues, which is an advantage over other chemical disinfectants.

Ultraviolet (UV) treatment, while not a chemical method, significantly reduces pathogens by using UV light to disrupt their DNA, rendering them unable to reproduce and cause illness. This method is particularly valued for its effectiveness without chemical residues.

The other options refer to processes that, while important in water treatment, are not primarily focused on disinfection. Fluoridation, for example, is aimed at enhancing dental health rather than pathogen removal. Reverse osmosis and sedimentation are processes used for filtration and removing particulates or dissolved solids rather than specifically targeting microorganisms.